Jules Bianchi (3 August 1989 – 17 July 2015) was a French motor racing driver. He made his Formula One debut in 2013, driving for Marussia alongside Max Chilton. He previously raced in Formula Renault 3.5, the GP2 Series and Formula Three.

Bianchi entered Formula One as a test driver in 2011 at Ferrari, and carried out a similar role for Force India the following season. In 2013, he made his debut driving for Marussia; finishing 15th in his opening race in Australia. He ended the season in 19th position, but failed to score any points. His best result in his debut season was 13th at the Malaysian Grand Prix. In October 2013, the team confirmed that he would drive for the team the following season. In the 2014 season, he scored both his and the Marussia's first points in Formula One at the Monaco Grand Prix.

Bianchi suffered what proved to be fatal injuries at the Japanese Grand Prix, which was run on 5 October 2014. As a crane was tending to the removal of Adrian Sutil's stranded Sauber, Bianchi lost control of his Marussia and crashed hard into the crane, suffering a diffuse axonal injury and was hospitalised in the host country. He was subsequently relocated to a hospital in his native France and remained in an induced coma until his death on 17 July 2015. Bianchi becomes the first Formula One driver to be killed due to injuries sustained during an event since Ayrton Senna at Imola in 1994.

Early and personal life

Born in Nice, France, to Philippe, Jules Bianchi was the grandson of Mauro Bianchi, three-time World Champion in the GT category. He was also the grandnephew of Lucien, who won the 1968 24 Hours of Le Mans and competed in nineteen Grands Prix in the Formula One World Championship between 1959 and 1968, with a podium finish in Monaco.

In his professional motorsport career, Bianchi was managed by ART boss Nicolas Todt who also manages, among others, Formula One driver Felipe Massa.[9] Jules Bianchi has died of injuries sustained at last year's Japanese Grand Prix, his family has confirmed.

The Formula One driver, who was 25, had been in a coma since crashing at Suzuka last October.

A statement released by his family said: "Jules fought right to the very end, as he always did, but today his battle came to an end. The pain we feel is immense and indescribable."

Manor F1 team Tweeted: "We are devastated to lose Jules after such a hard-fought battle. It was a privilege to have him race for our team."

Early career

Formula Renault

In 2007 Bianchi left karting and raced in French Formula Renault 2.0 for SG Formula, where he finished as champion with five wins. He also competed in the Formula Renault Eurocup where he had one pole position and one fastest lap in three races.

Formula Three

In late 2007, Bianchi signed with ART Grand Prix to compete in the Formula 3 Euro Series.

In 2008 Bianchi won the Masters of Formula 3 at Zolder, and also finished third in the 2008 Formula 3 Euro Series season.

Bianchi continued in the F3 Euroseries in 2009, leading ART's line-up along with rookie team-mates Valtteri Bottas, Esteban Gutiérrez and Adrien Tambay. With eight wins, Bianchi sealed the title with a round to spare, at Dijon-Prenois. He then added a ninth win at the final round at Hockenheim. He also drove in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series at Monaco, after SG Formula acquired the cars formerly run by Kurt Mollekens.

GP2 Series

Bianchi drove for ART in the subsequent GP2 Asia season and the 2010 GP2 Series season. He competed in three of the four rounds of the GP2 Asia championship. In the main series, Bianchi took two pole positions and a number of points positions before he was injured in a first-lap crash at the Hungaroring. In the feature race, he spun into the path of the field exiting the first corner, and was struck head-on by Ho-Pin Tung, sustaining a fractured second lumbar vertebra in the process. Bianchi was fourth in the drivers' championship at the time of his injury. Despite initial pessimistic assessments of the severity of his injury, he recovered to take part in the next round of the championship.

Bianchi remained with ART for 2011, and was partnered by 2010 GP3 Series champion Esteban Gutiérrez. He starred in the first two rounds of the 2011 GP2 Asia Series, holding off Romain Grosjean for victory in the feature race and gaining fourth in the sprint race, but he was later penalised. He finished runner-up to Grosjean in the drivers' championship. In the main series, Bianchi finished third in the championship, behind Grosjean and Luca Filippi.

Formula Renault 3.5

Bianchi opted to switch to the Formula Renault 3.5 Series for 2012, following his one-off appearance in the category in 2009. He signed for the Tech 1 Racing team, and was partnered with Kevin Korjus, and later with Daniel Abt.

Formula One

Ferrari and Sahara Force India

In August 2009, Bianchi was linked by the BBC and various other media sources to the second Ferrari Formula One seat occupied by Luca Badoer during Felipe Massa's absence. Bianchi tested for Ferrari at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez for two of the three days, over 1–2 December 2009. The other drivers tested on 3 December included Daniel Zampieri, Marco Zipoli and Pablo Sánchez López as the top three finishers in the 2009 Italian Formula Three Championship. Bianchi's performance in this test led to him becoming the first recruit of the Ferrari Driver Academy and signing-up to a long-term deal to remain at the team's disposal.

On 11 November 2010 he was confirmed by Ferrari as the team's test and reserve driver for the 2011 season, replacing Luca Badoer, Giancarlo Fisichella and Marc Gené, as well as confirming he would test for the team during the young driver test in Abu Dhabi over 16–17 November. Bianchi carried on his GP2 Series racing, as Formula 1 allows test and reserve drivers to race in parallel in other competitions. On 13 September 2011, Bianchi tested for Ferrari at Fiorano, as part of the Ferrari Driver Academy, with fellow academy member and Sauber F1 driver Sergio Pérez. Bianchi completed 70 laps and recorded a quickest lap time of 1:00.213. For the 2012 season, Ferrari loaned him to the Force India team, for whom he drove in nine Friday free practice sessions over the course of the year as the outfit's test and reserve driver.

Marussia 2013

On 1 March 2013, Marussia announced that Bianchi was to replace Luiz Razia as a race driver after Razia's contract was terminated, due to sponsorship issues. Bianchi qualified 19th for the Australian Grand Prix, out-qualifying team-mate Max Chilton by three-quarters of a second. Bianchi overtook Pastor Maldonado, and Daniel Ricciardo on the first lap and he eventually finished 15th on his debut. He was 19th on the grid again in Malaysia, 0.3 seconds away from Q2. Bianchi fell behind the Caterhams at the start of the race, but moved up the order after the pit stops, eventually going on to finish 13th, ahead of his teammate, and both Caterhams. As of the Hungarian Grand Prix, Bianchi had beaten his teammate in all qualifying sessions and all races that both of them had finished. In the Japanese Grand Prix he and Charles Pic of Caterham were given ten-place grid penalties for receiving three reprimands over the season, and at the race, his race ended early after a collision with Giedo van der Garde.

2014

In October 2013, Marussia confirmed that Bianchi would stay at the team for the following season. After starting off the season with struggles in Australia, in which he was not classified, Bianchi overcame the odds to score his – and his team's – first World Championship points by finishing ninth at the Monaco Grand Prix.

Out of the nine races which Bianchi and Max Chilton completed without retiring, during the 2014 season, he was the quicker driver in eight of them, establishing his status as the first driver.[41][42] Chilton retired twice, and Bianchi five times, with three of Bianchi's retirements being mechanical failures.

The Monday after the Japanese Grand Prix, in which Bianchi suffered severe head injuries, then outgoing Ferrari President, Luca di Montezemolo, disclosed to the media that Bianchi was poised to be the third Ferrari F1 driver in 2015 in the event that the sport moved to three car teams as widely speculated at the time.

At the inaugural Russian Grand Prix on 12 October 2014, in place of the hospitalised Bianchi, the Marussia team originally registered in the participant list the American debutant, Alexander Rossi, before finally deciding to field a single car driven by Bianchi's team-mate, Max Chilton. In addition, at the same venue:

• Fellow Frenchman and Formula One driver, Jean-Eric Vergne, a good friend of Bianchi and was said to have been deeply affected by the Suzuka accident, championed the idea for helmet stickers to honour and support Bianchi.
• The Marussia team adopted a "#JB17" livery on the cockpit sides of its MR03 car, being a reference to their injured driver's initials and race number, in addition to the other Twitter hashtag since the accident, #ForzaJules.
• The drivers held a one-minute silence in honour of Bianchi just before the race; the eventual race winner, Lewis Hamilton, dedicated his win to Bianchi.

During the subsequent week of 13 October 2014, Marussia's CEO Graeme Lowdon confirmed that the team would return to a two-car operation for the remainder of the season. At heart, was the team's desire to defend their ninth position in the Constructors' Championship, which was owed to Bianchi thanks to scoring his own and Marussia's first ever points at the Monaco Grand Prix. However, on 25 October 2014, it was announced that the team would not race at the United States Grand Prix due to financial reasons, with doubts also raised about their ability to participate at the Brazilian Grand Prix. Ultimately, the team folded on 7 November 2014 as announced by its administrator. Bianchi finished the season 17th in the Drivers' Championship.

2014 Suzuka accident

On lap 43 of the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix, which was held on Sunday, 5 October, under intermittent heavy rainfall caused by the approaching Typhoon Phanfone, Bianchi lost control of his car and veered right towards the run-off area on the outside of the Dunlop Curve (technically known as "Turn 7") of the Suzuka Circuit. He collided head-on with, and perpendicular to, the rear of a tractor crane tending to the removal of Adrian Sutil's Sauber after Sutil had spun out of control and crashed in the same area a lap before. Bianchi's accident caused the race to be red flagged and ended nine laps earlier than the 53-lap full race distance. Bianchi was reported as being unconscious after not responding to either a team radio call or marshals. Spectators' video footage and photographs of the accident revealed that the left side of Bianchi's Marussia car was extensively damaged and the roll bar destroyed as it slid under the tractor crane. The impact was such that the tractor crane was partially jolted off the ground causing Sutil's Sauber, which was suspended in the air by the crane, to fall back to the ground.

In the first instance, Bianchi was medically attended to at the crash site before being transported by ambulance to the circuit's Medical Centre. Due to safety concerns with landing caused by the precarious weather conditions, it was determined that emergency transport by helicopter was not possible. Bianchi was thus further transported by ambulance for 32 minutes, under police escort, to the Mie Prefectural General Medical Center in Yokkaichi, the nearest hospital to the circuit some 15 km (9.3 mi) away. Initial reports by his father, Philippe, to television channel France 3, were that Bianchi was in a critical condition with a head injury and was undergoing an operation to reduce severe bruising to his head. The FIA subsequently released a statement that CT scans showed Bianchi suffered a "severe head injury" in the crash, and that he would be admitted in intensive care following surgery.

Amongst the first hospital visitors were Marussia's CEO Graeme Lowdon and team principal John Booth, the latter staying by Bianchi's side even after the inaugural Russian Grand Prix, as well as Ferrari's then team principal Marco Mattiacci – given Bianchi's status as a Ferrari Academy driver – and current Formula One driver, Felipe Massa. On the Monday after the Suzuka race, also seen visiting the Mie University were Pastor Maldonado and Bianchi's manager and assistant manager, Nicolas Todt and Alessandro Alunni Bravi, respectively.

Bianchi's parents, who arrived in Japan late on Monday – joined, that Thursday, by their other children, Mélanie and Tom, and Jules' best friend, Lorenz Leclerc – released a statement on Tuesday, 7 October, expressing appreciation for the outpouring of support from the public and for the presence of Professor Gerard Saillant, President of the FIA Medical Commission, and Professor Alessandro Frati, Neurosurgeon of the Sapienza University of Rome, who travelled to Japan at the request of Scuderia Ferrari. They also provided a medical update, confirming that the injury suffered was a diffuse axonal injury and that Bianchi was in a critical but stable condition. A prognosis of the injury or its after-effects would not be known for weeks or at least a month according to medical specialists.

Within days of the accident, unconfirmed media reports suggested that the crash occurred at a speed exceeding 200 km/h (120 mph) and that the impact generated over 50 g0 (490 m/s2). In the following fortnight, media reports said to be based on information obtained from FIA documents claimed that the speed of impact was recorded at 212 km/h (132 mph) and that the impact generated 92 g0 (900 m/s2).

Bianchi's crash represented the first accident that resulted in major injury to a driver during a Formula One weekend since the head injuries suffered by Felipe Massa while qualifying for the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix. It was also another major accident for the Marussia F1 team; previously, in 2012, at the FIA-approved Duxford Aerodrome testing facility, reserve driver Maria De Villota suffered major head injuries after colliding with a stationary truck, upon returning to the service area from straight-line testing.

FIA reaction

Following Bianchi's accident, the FIA began an investigation and also considered appropriate changes to safety procedures, such as those at Brazilian Grand Prix, where the location of a tractor crane serving the Senna "S" chicane was altered.

The FIA released its initial findings at a special conference held during the inaugural Russian Grand Prix on the Saturday after the Japanese Grand Prix weekend. Among other things, it was revealed that Bianchi had slowed down at Turn 7 but without disclosing by what margin or the speed of impact, and that the journey to the hospital by ambulance took only an extra seven minutes relative to the helicopter, without any adverse effects on Bianchi's condition.

Further, the FIA confirmed ongoing research into closed cockpits for Formula One cars, the possibility of fitting protective skirting to all recovery vehicles as well as ways to slow down cars in crash zones more effectively than double yellow flags. With respect to the latter, the FIA moved to quickly consider the introduction of a Virtual Safety Car or VSC system – which was then tested during the season's final three Grands Prix in the United States, Brazil and Abu Dhabi – based on a Le Mans racing "slow zone" arrangement that does not neutralise race proceedings as much as Safety Car periods.

Following on from the above, in the week beginning 13 October 2014, the FIA reportedly emailed all teams to request that they retain any information related to Bianchi's Suzuka accident, for exclusive use by an Accident Panel established by the FIA to investigate Bianchi's accident.

FIA Accident Panel findings

On 20 October 2014, the FIA announced a 10 member composition of the Panel that included, among others, former drivers Emerson Fittipaldi and Alexander Wurz and former team principals Ross Brawn and Stefano Domenicali. The Panel's work started in the same week, with full findings due for release at the then next meeting of the FIA World Motor Sport Council on 3 December 2014, in Doha, Qatar.

In the week beginning 27 October 2014, Italy's Autosprint published a story claiming that the Accident Panel was looking into whether Bianchi's crash may have been caused by the new-for-2014 brake-by-wire system fitted to all F1 cars. At the same time, the Swiss newspaper Blick reported that a company called Air Zermatt presented to the FIA a proposal for stricken cars to be air lifted from run off areas by helicopter thus avoiding recovery vehicles being on track during any race. This method was first tested in 2005 by the A1 Grand Prix series.

The FIA Accident Panel presented its 396 page report to the FIA World Motorsport Council; the FIA published a summary of its findings on 3  December 2014. The report was said to contain extensive technical explanations and to have been written in a manner that did not apportion blame to any one party:

• Accordingly, the Panel found that there was no single cause for Bianchi's accident but that it was the result of an unfortunate set of circumstances, including the difficult conditions, the speed he was going and the presence of a recovery vehicle on track;
• Bianchi was found to not have slowed sufficiently to avoid losing control, however, it was recognised that there is no definition of how much a driver should slow during double waved yellow flags and that it had been normal practice for F1 drivers to slow down only enough for them to show they have done so should they be questioned later;
• In relation to whether a Safety Car should have been deployed, the conclusion was that it had become normal and accepted practice not to do so in situations such as Sutil's crash, with race officials found to have behaved in a manner "consistent with the regulations and their interpretation following 384 incidents in the preceding eight years".
• In spite of the above, a new Virtual Safety Car (VSC) system was confirmed for introduction in F1 from 2015;
• The Panel also concluded that "It is not feasible to mitigate the injuries Bianchi suffered by either enclosing the driver's cockpit, or fitting skirts to the crane" as "Neither approach is practical due to the very large forces involved in the accident between a 700kg car striking a 6500kg crane at a speed of 126 km/h".

Brake-by-wire, which was introduced in 2014 as a part of the new hybrid engines' regenerative braking system, also came under examination. The investigation revealed that Bianchi had been operating both brake and accelerator pedals as the car was leaving the track and crossed Suzuka's Turn 7 run-off area, and that a fail-safe system should have over-ridden the throttle and cut engine power. This fail-safe system is part of the standard electronic control unit supplied to the teams by the FIA, but its parameters are set by the teams given that the ability to operate brake and throttle at the same time is an integral part of a driver's car control during racing. The Panel found that, just because the fail-safe system did not work in these specific circumstances, it did not mean that the Marussia team was culpable in any way. Nevertheless, for 2015 onwards, the FIA decided to define more specifically the boundaries within which teams can alter relevant parameters.

Medical treatment and updates

The first family update following the 5 October 2014 accident during the Japanese Grand Prix came from Bianchi's father during the week beginning 13 October 2014. He was reported to have stated to Italy's La Gazzetta dello Sport, that his son's condition was "desperate", with doctors describing his survival as a miracle, and that he believed his son would succeed in "the most important qualifying lap of his life", also drawing hope from Michael Schumacher coming out of his coma. Over the same period, other than providing an official statement on Bianchi's conditions, the Marussia team also publicly condemned various media reports making speculative assertions about the team's direct role in the accident.

Since then, Bianchi's mother, Christine, was said to have voiced her frustrations to an RTL correspondent about not being able to talk, but referring to people shirking responsibility and confirming that her son was being very well treated in hospital.

A week later, Italy's Omnicorse published a story which claimed that Bianchi's condition was stable enough for relocation from Japan to Europe, speculating hospitalisation at the Swiss University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) where Michael Schumacher received treatment for significant brain injuries suffered following a skiing accident in 2013. In response, via another joint statement by the Bianchi family and the Marussia team on the evening of the United States Grand Prix, it was reconfirmed that Bianchi was still in a critical but stable condition and that his treatment would continue in Yokkaichi, Japan.

Coinciding with the Brazilian Grand Prix weekend, and amidst talks of Marussia's return from administration for the season finale, the former team CEO, Graeme Lowdon, confirmed that Bianchi's condition remained unchanged, being stable but critical. He was still in a coma and requiring a medical ventilator. On 19 November, Bianchi's parents announced that he was no longer in an artificial coma and was breathing unaided. He was flown back to France and admitted at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU), where he remained unconscious and in a critical condition.

In December 2014, a statement from the Bianchi family confirmed no change in Bianchi's neurological status. In addition, they confirmed that they considered his relocation to France and rehabilitation at the CHU to have been a significant and very comforting step, and they also renewed their thanks for the ongoing support received.

Autoweek reported on 6 March 2015 that, according to the German tabloid Bild, Bianchi remains in a coma with no improvement in his condition.

After the 2015 Australian Grand Prix in March, John Booth, now team principal of the new Manor Marussia F1 Team, paid tribute to Bianchi for scoring points in the 2014 Monaco Grand Prix because the prize money won enabled the team to stay in F1, albeit under a new corporate structure. A commemorative "JB17" logo has adorned the 2015 race car.

In April 2015, to again acknowledge the support his family has been receiving, Bianchi's father, Philippe, released an interview to the French newspaper, Nice-Matin. Apart from reconfirming that his son remains in a coma and is medically stable, Philippe described Bianchi's plight as a daily marathon. He referred to the stark medical advice by Japanese doctors of irreversible damage, contrasting this with the hope brought by seeing Bianchi more active through occasional body movements. Philippe emphasised that although there is no specific therapy, the importance of ongoing support is provided by the daily vigil shared amongst Bianchi's parents, siblings and German girlfriend, Gina.

Coinciding with the 2015 Monaco Grand Prix and the anniversary of Bianchi scoring his first and only Formula One points, the Manor Marussia team commemorated their injured driver with special red wristbands inscribed with "Monaco 2014 P8 JB17". Moreover, Bianchi's father provided an update describing his injured son's condition as "stagnant" notwithstanding which the family continues to hope for a miraculous recovery. On 13 July 2015, however, in another update the father of the injured driver conceded becoming "less optimistic" with the lapse of time and no better progress.

Death

On the 17th of July, 2015 Jules Bianchi succumbed to the injuries he sustained at the Japanese Grand Prix. This makes him the first driver in 21 years to be killed from injuries sustained at a Grand Prix event; the last driver to be killed at a Grand Prix being Ayrton Senna at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix.

The official announcement was made by his family via a statement released in France, in the early hours of the following day. It commenced stating

It is with deep sadness that the parents of Jules Bianchi, Philippe and Christine, his brother Tom and sister Mélanie, wish to make it known that Jules passed away last night at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) in Nice, (France) where he was admitted following the accident of 5th October 2014 at Suzuka Circuit during the Japanese Formula 1 Grand Prix.

The family went on to thank the doctors at both the CHU in Nice as well as the doctors who tended to him immediately after his crash - at the General Medical Centre in Mie Prefecture in Japan.