Pär Fabian Lagerkvist (23 May 1891 – 11 July 1974) was a Swedish author who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1951.

Lagerkvist wrote poems, plays, novels, stories, and essays of considerable expressive power and influence[citation needed] from his early 20s to his late 70s. Among his central themes was the fundamental question of good and evil, which he examined through such figures as the man who was freed instead of Jesus, Barabbas, and the wandering Jew Ahasuerus. As a moralist, he used religious motifs and figures from the Christian tradition without following the doctrines of the church.

Biography and works

Lagerkvist was born in Växjö (Småland).

Lagerkvist received a traditional religious education - he would say, with little exaggeration, that he "had had the good fortune to grow up in a home where the only books known were the Bible and the Book of Hymns". In his teens he broke away from Christian beliefs, but unlike many other writers and thinkers in his generation he did not become vehemently critical of religious beliefs as such. Though he was politically a socialist for most of his life, he never indulged in the idea that "religion is the opium of the people". Much of his writing is informed by a lifelong interest in man and his symbols and gods and in the position of Man (both as individual and mankind) in a world where the Divine is no longer present, no longer speaking.

In his early years Lagerkvist supported modernist and aesthetically radical views, as shown by his manifesto Ordkonst och bildkonst (word art and picture art) (1913) and the plays Den Svåra Stunden ("The Difficult Hour").

One of the author's earliest works is Ångest (Anguish, 1916), a violent and disillusioned collection of poems. His anguish was derived from his fear of death, the World War, and personal crisis. He tried to explore how a person can find a meaningful life in a world where a war can kill millions for very little reason. "Anguish, anguish is my heritage / the wound of my throat / the cry of my heart in the world." ("Anguish", 1916.) "Love is nothing. Anguish is everything / the anguish of living." ("Love is nothing", 1916.) This pessimism, however, slowly faded, as testified by his subsequent works, Det eviga leendet (The Eternal Smile, 1920), the autobiographical novel Gäst hos verkligheten (Guest of Reality, 1925) and the prose monologue Det besegrade livet (The defeated Life, 1927), in which the faith in man is predominant. From The Eternal Smile on, his style largely abandoned the expressionist pathos and brusque effects of his early works and there was a strong striving for simplicity, classical precision and clean telling, sometimes appearing close to naivism. The content, however, was never truly naive. A Swedish critic remarked that "Lagerkvist and John the Evangelist are two masters at expressing profound things with a highly restricted choice of words".

Ten years after Ångest, Lagerkvist married for the second time, a union which was to provide a pillar of safety in his life until the death of his wife forty years later. Hjärtats sånger (Songs of the Heart) (1926) appeared at this time, bearing witness to his pride and love for his consort.. This collection is much less desperate in its tone than Ångest, and establlished him as one of the foremost Swedish poets of his generation.

His prose novella Bödeln ("The Hangman", 1933), later adapted for the stage, (The Hangman, 1933; play, 1934) shows his growing concern with the totalitarianism and brutality that began to sweep across Europe in the years prior to World War II. Nazism was one of the main butts of the work and Der Stürmer responded with a very dismissive review. Criticism against Fascism is also present in the play Mannen utan själ (The Man Without a Soul, 1936).

Lagerkvist's 1944 novel Dvärgen (The Dwarf), a searching, ironic tale about evil, was the first to bring him positive international attention outside of the Nordic countries. The work was followed in 1949 by the unusual, lyrical play Låt människan leva (Let Man Live).

Barabbas (1950), which was immediately hailed as a masterpiece (by, among others, fellow Nobel laureate André Gide) is probably Lagerkvist's most famous work. The novel is based on a Biblical story. Jesus of Nazareth was sentenced to die by the Roman authorities immediately before the Jewish Passover, when it was customary for the Romans to release someone convicted of a capital offense. When the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate offers to free Jesus or Barabbas, a convicted thief and murderer, a Jerusalem mob demands the release of Barabbas, who spends the rest of his life trying to come to terms with why he was chosen to live.

The novel was filmed in 1962, with Anthony Quinn playing the title role.

Lagerkvist died in Stockholm.

Works

• Människor (1912)
• Ordkonst och bildkonst (1913)
• Två sagor om livet (1913)
• Motiv (1914)
• Järn och människor (1915)
• Ångest (1916)
• Sista människan, play ("The Last Man", 1917)
• Teater (1918)
• Himlens hemlighet, play ("The Secret of Heaven", 1919)
• Kaos (1919)
• Det eviga leendet, three stories ("The Eternal Smile", 1920)
• Den lyckliges väg (1921)
• Den osynlige, play (1923)
• Onda Sagor (1924)
• Gäst hos verkligheten ("Guest of Reality", 1925)
• Hjärtats sånger (1926)
• Det besegrade livet (1927)
• Han som fick leva om sitt liv, play ("The Man Who Lived his Life Over", 1928)
• Kämpande ande (1930)
• Konungen, play ("The King", 1932)
• Vid lägereld (1932)
• Bödeln, play (1933)
• Den knutna näven ("The Clenched Fist", 1934)
• I den tiden ("In the Terms", 1935)
• Mannen utan själ, play ("The Man Without a Soul", 1936)
• Genius (1937)
• Seger i mörkret, play (1939)
• Den befriade människan (1939)
• Sång och strid (1940)
• Midsommardröm i fattighuset, play ("Midsummer's Dream in the Workhouse", 1941)
• Hemmet och stjärnan (1942)
• Dvärgen ("The Dwarf", 1944)
• De vises sten, play ("The Philosopher's Stone", 1947)
• Låt människan leva, play ("Let Man Live", 1950)
• Barabbas (1950, filmed in 1953, 1962)
• Aftonland ("Evening Land", 1953)
• Sibyllan ("The Sibyl", 1956)
• Ahasverus död ("The Death of Ahasuerus", 1960)
• Pilgrim på havet ("Pilgrim at Sea", 1962)
• Det heliga landet ("The Holy Land", 1964)
• Mariamne ("Herod and Mariamne", 1967)
• Antecknat (diaries and notes, 1977)
• Den svåra resan (written in 1926, published in 1985)

English translations

• "Literary Art and Pictorial Art" [Ordkonst och bildkonst], Rainbow Press, 1991, ISBN 0-9518535-0-3.
• "The Dwarf" [Dvärgen], Hill and Wang, 1958, ISBN 0-374-52135-2.
• "Barrabas", Vintage, 1989, ISBN 0-679-72544-X.
• "The Sibyl" [Sibyllan], Vintage, 1963, ISBN 0-394-70240-9.
• "The Death of Ahasuerus" [Ahasverus död], Vintage, 1982, ISBN 0-394-70820-2.

References

• Fulvio Ferrari, introduction to Italian edition of Gäst hos verkligheten and Det eviga leendet, Oscar Narrativa #1242, Mondadori, Milan, June 1992
• Everett M. Ellestad, "Lagerkvist and Cubism: A Study of Theory and Practice," Scandinavian Studies 45 (1/1973), S. 38–53.